Robber Barons Essays - Telegraphy, Deists, Rockefeller Family

Robber Barons Robber Barons When the names Carnagie, Rockefeller, and Edison come to mind, most of us automatically think of what we saw or read in our history books: These men were kind and generous and through hard work and perseverance, any one of you could become a success story like them, right? Wrong. I am sick of these people being remembered for the two or three good deeds they have done. Publicity and media have exaggerated the generosity of these men, the Government has spoiled these names with false lies, and people have been blind to see that these men were ruthless, sly businessmen who were motivated by your money and their struggle for power. How many history books teach such in-depth details like these? A prime example of the acts of a robber baron can be seen through the actions of John D. Rockefeller. A picture I have recently seen shows a group of people watching an old Rockefeller crouch over to accept a flower from a little girl. The caption reads John D. Rockefeller, American industrialist and philanthropist, is caught doing one of his good deeds. No wonder that only a handful of people can't distinguish that this old man was a crock and deserves to rot in hell! With all this positive media attention, the public had been fed lies! In real life, this money hungry, greedy villain is the prime reason why the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed. Rockefeller's dream was to monopolize the oiling industry, and he so successfully did. Because of his great empire (the Standard Oil Co.) and the wealth it brought, when any other competitor tried even to step foot into the oiling industry, Rockefeller dropped his prices until the rookie industry was forced out. After he regained monopoly, he then jacked up the prices. Sure, the people were mad, but what could they do? Many other industries depended on the oil that Rockefeller provided and besides, the Sherman Antitrust Act couldn't be enforced with these big businesses growing larger and larger. Another Robber Baron donated over 2500 libraries worldwide, he helped establish the famous concert hall in New York, and he helped finance several colleges in the US. Can you guess who he is? Yes! Andrew Carnagie. Now how about this person: In the early 1900s, in order to maintain control of the steel industry, he bought out rival plants, he ran a self running holding company which bough stock in itself in order to buy control of the industry, and he also hired children (as young as 9 years old) to work twelve hours a day under harsh, dangerous conditions and paid them the lowest wages possible. Can you guess who he is now? As a matter of fact it is our American Hero Andrew Carnagie! Carnagie did, for a fact, hire children because they were cheaper; yet these same children were sometimes required to run swing shifts which meant occasional 24 hour work days. It all too much of a commonality that these robber barons all share some of the same traits: ruthlessness, mistreatment of their workers, greed for money and power, and a Machiavelian way of doing business. With these traits in mind, who can consider these men heroes? It's the government and the big businesses which want us to think that way. It can only be them who portray these wicked as saints. But I am educated, and through research and learning, I am thoroughly convinced that the people who our America looks up to and admires, are a bunch of villains. Although many of America's Heros's have turned out to be greedy Robber Barons, I disagree with anyone who considers Thomas Edison one of these. We have had many great inventors and Thomas Alva Edison is among them. The creator of many inventions including the electric lamp, stock printer, light bulb, phonograph, and literally hundreds of other useful inventions. He worked at a railroad station when he was only twelve years old. That is where he was lead to the invention of both the Stock printer and the telegraph transmitter, as well as many other patents dealing with telegraphs such as the Automatic Telegraph, Duplex Telegraphs, Quadruplex Telegraph Repeater, Telephonic Telegraphs,

How to Make a Great First Impression on Your First Day

How to Make a Great First Impression on Your First Day Starting a new job is an exciting experience, but it can be stressful entering a new work environment with new people and duties. Keep up your  excitement levels and try not to be too nervous. Learning a few tips can help you sail through that day with flying colors. By the end of the day, you’ll feel like a pro. 1. Be on TimeBeing late the first day of your new job can not only leave a bad impression on your new boss but also on the other employees. Set your alarm early the first day of work, and lay out your clothing the night before. That way, you’ll look cool and collected when you arrive for your first day at work.2. Eat Breakfast Before You GoFood gives you energy, and eating a proper breakfast gives you a good start. Leave the sweet rolls in the breadbox, and eat something that will stay with you until lunchtime.3. Introduce YourselfOne way to overcome shyness in a new environment is to introduce yourself to your coworkers. Don’t worry about forgetting n ames. Down the line, you can always say you met so many new people the first  day that you’re still sorting them out, but you appreciate your co-workers’ patience as you learn so many new things. Remember to smile when you speak to someone. A pleasant manner is always welcome and makes you appear cooperative and receptive to others.4. Get OrganizedThe first day at work, you need to check that you have the supplies you need and a clear idea of what you will be doing. Don’t be afraid to ask questions, and make notes at your desk if necessary. While you’re at it, organize your desk neatly. If it’s allowed, don’t forget that framed photo of your family, kids, or pets- its  a good icebreaker to meet fellow employees. However, don’t overdo it. Keep it to one or two photos that are not obtrusive.5. Be AdaptableMaybe you have been assigned work to do first thing in the morning†¦ and then it gets interrupted by more urgent work or a m eeting. Go with the flow, and show how you can be easygoing about sudden changes.6. Dress for SuccessEven if your office or workplace has a laid-back  atmosphere or people dress more casually on Fridays, keep your clothing appropriate. If others in the workplace wear suits, wear one. If others are wearing casual slacks and shirts, copy their example. Whatever you wear, make sure it is clean and neatly pressed. Looking disheveled can cost you the boss’s consideration for promotion.7. Pay Attention to What Others Are DoingIf your coworkers don’t leave on the dot, stay until they start leaving- even if it is quitting time. If you work at a job that serves the public, such in customer service or the medical field,  you must wait until clients are gone or transactions are completed before leaving.8. Ask for HelpBeing assigned your first tasks is an exciting time in a new job. However, if you need help, don’t be afraid to ask for it. If you need to make copies whe n you don’t know where the copy room is located or need help to operate an unfamiliar machine, don’t waste time trying to figure it out for yourself. You don’t need to be a hero!9. Show InitiativeYou’ve been working hard and find you have nothing left to do. What now? This is a good time to show initiative and what a hard worker you are. You can go tell your boss that you have completed your assignments and ask if there is more work that needs to be done. You can also volunteer to do extra assignments when extra jobs pop up.A new job, whether dealing with the public or working in an office such as administrative assistant jobs, requires that you learn your way around a new work environment while maintaining a pleasant relationship with coworkers. TheJobNetwork can help you find that new job by conducting the job search for you. All you do is fill out your qualifications and job interests, and you will receive alerts whenever a job matching your descriptio n becomes available. For those who are more proactive, you can even search the job site yourself. Finding the perfect job is just a step away. Sign up for job match alert to get started.

PROJECT IV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PROJECT IV - Essay Example average time (pit stop time) and number of wins for top 30 Sprint Cup Drivers (the Nextel Cup Series) for year 2008 (whole season) is taken for bivariate correlation and regression analysis. For this paper, the average time (pit stop time)1 and number of wins for top 30 Sprint Cup Drivers (the Nextel Cup Series) for year 2008 (whole season) is collected (Race results, 2008; Sprint Cup Drivers, 2008). Table 1: Driver’s Number of Win(s) and the Pit Stop Time in Appendix, shows the data for top 30 drivers for the Nextel Cup Series, 2008. In bivariate correlation and regression analysis , it will be determined whether average time of pit stops is related to the number of wins. Therefore, the average time will be taken as independent variable (x) and the number of wins will be taken as dependent variable (y). Figure 1 shows the scatter plot of Average Pit Stop Time and Number of Wins. From figure 1 , it can be seen that as the average pit stop time increases the number of wins decreases. Therefore, there is a negative relationship exists between the variables average time and number of wins. The value of sample correlation coefficient , r = -0.55 indicate that there is a negative relationship present between the variables average pit stop time and number of wins for top 30 Sprint Cup Drivers. The correlation is significant at level of significance, ÃŽ ± = 0.01. For a two-tailed test at level of significance, ÃŽ ± = 0.01 and degree of freedom 28, the critical value of r is  ± 0.463. The value of correlation coefficient r = - 0.550 is less than the left tail critical value of -0.463, therefore the null hypothesis of no correlation is rejected and the data provide sufficient evidence of correlation between variables average pit stop time and number of wins (Table 3: Correlation Matrix). The slope equal to -1.803 suggests that an additional second in average pit stop time decreases the number of wins of sprint cup drivers by approximately 1.8. The number of wins for

Health and Social Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Health and Social Care - Essay Example Due to technology and modern science outbreaks of diseases like malaria, and water-borne diseases could be prevented. Comparing with the past, it was hard to avoid any disease occurrence. One of the similar strategies that were used currently and it still existed in the past was waste disposal. The sewers systems were considered in the past and currently so that diseases that emanate from poor disposal of waste could be treated and be prevented in advance. To prevent those diseases, city planning was considered so that the outbreaks of diseases that used to kill many individuals could be curbed (Scriven and Garman, 2007). The current features of public health on family planning are operational up to date. Comparing with the past, they did not consider family planning but relied on the natural means to control birth. Currently, the group that is concerned with public health policy is the government, and other agencies like, World Health Organization and United Nations among others. The health of the public in UK is considered a lot and it is monitored. For example in the North West and the South West of England, knowledge and intelligence team significantly considers the health of its residents. For example, in the South West of England, they have intelligence hub that is concerned with improving collection and the analysis that is done in daily routines in all health care centers. The hub is concerned with the quality, volume and the cost that is incurred by the patients to treat a particular disease. For example, one of the tools that are available on the site is the injury profile that is concerned with how injuries can be prevented and if they occur how they are handled. The public health has introduced Sexual Health Balanced Scorecard that is concerned with sexual related health strategies to support both local and nationally residents of South West of England. Others departments that have been used to support the local and international

Practicum Review and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Practicum Review and Evaluation - Essay Example hing is that certain slides in Lisa’s presentation were immensely loaded with information, it was hard to make out clearly what the real essence was in those slides. The flow in the presentation is remarkable. It clearly takes the readers or the audience with the flow of slides. First, there are goals, then definition, then methodology, then the documentation and questionnaire and in the end, there is a summary of the whole learning experience. It would be a good idea to try to present less information in one slide rather than filling up the whole slides with words. Modern presentation slides use only 4-5 words with eye catching pictures that captivate the readers. Use as many slide as you want but the information on them should be concise. Overall the look of the presentation was splendid. The pictures used were nice, however some pictures of bigger children would have had a better impact as OSAS survey was about children under the age of 18, not under the age 4. Yes the objectives are clearly defined and explained. Kristy’s presentation is about enhancing patients’ knowledge on how to take care of their bodies, on how to follow up on a patient and provide emotional support from the nursing point of view. Â   The experience is presented in compact info nuggets. I mean there are slides that show in-text referencing as if a thesis paper, which it is not. It is a presentation and needs pretty slides to give information to the viewer. This fact alone makes the presentation a little difficult to follow. It is quite clear what the author is trying to communicate. She has tried to give a checklist to nurses to make sure that the patients get diagnosed for their illness effectively. In my opinion, the ideas have been communicated very clearly. The design and the physical content of the presentation was just alright. It wasn’t catchy there were hardly any pleasing pictures to capture the interest of the audience. I’d recommend that there should be more

Political System of Pakistan

Political System of Pakistan INTRODUCTION The current system of government in Pakistan is a mixed, â€Å"hybrid† form of government with elements from the parliamentary as well as the presidential systems. The country initially had a parliamentary form of government, it shifted to a presidential one with the 1962 constitution but later reverted back to a parliamentary one according to the current 1973 constitution. However, the various amendments and modifications to the constitutional provisions carried out by political leaders over the years have left a democratic, parliamentary government only in paper. The question that this paper, thus, attempts to answer is that, is a pure parliamentary form of government suitable for Pakistan? To find a proper conclusion to the aforementioned question, the essay will explore the shortfalls of the current system and compare the two forms of government i.e. Parliamentary and Presidential, in order to suggest the better suited government structures of the two. In order to do this India, with its similarities to Pakistan in terms of shared history and culture, is taken as an example for Pakistan along with instances of the two types of democratic government systems prevalent in other countries. While the arguments for Parliamentary and Presidential forms of governments may draw inspiration from their practical application in India and elsewhere but these examples will be implied and not necessarily always mentioned explicitly. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research for this paper comprised primarily of review of works by established professionals and academics in the field. Most of the research was limited to consultation of print and online sources for access to published material on the relevant topic. The starting point of analysis was with examination of the text containing reviews of the current system of government structure in Pakistan, its flaws and the eventual inefficiencies it has led to. Various journal articles and books were consulted for a variety of perspectives on the debate regarding the suitable system of government for Pakistan. Along with consultation of material for analysis of government structure of various countries, especially India and the South Asian region in particular, online journals were looked upon for comparative perspectives on the suitable government structure and their merits and demerits. Although the research is limited to a select few academics and professionals in the field, it allows for a sample of the general prevalent views on the issue since both sides of the debate have been looked at. LITERATURE REVIEW A large majority of literature on the topic is either about the shortfalls of the current mixed government of Pakistan or it highlights how the presidential system of government is better suited for the country. What is needed, however, is a detailed comparison of the two systems and not just analysis of any one of the systems with regards to Pakistan. Material by foreign academics and professionals looks at the Pakistani political system in comparison to their own and focuses on the inadequacies of the Pakistani system. The following reviewed literature comprises of a small sample of previously conducted study and analyses on the subject under discussion. Khalid Sayeed (1967), in his book ‘The Political System of Pakistan, explained the chronological progression of events leading up to the constitution of 1962 and the provisions it made regarding the system of governance to be put in practice in Pakistan. Regarding the 1962 constitution, the author (Sayeed, 1967) was of the view that the constitution severely curtailed the powers of the parliament and reduced the country to a distorted version of a presidential government. The author provided a favorable opinion about the parliamentary form of government, provided that it is actually in its truly democratic form (Sayeed, 1967, pp. 83). Although the author has given his opinion with support through illustrative historical examples but the author has failed to mention, explicitly, the merits or demerits of either of the systems of government and his clear choice of the either of the two. The authors arguments seemed to reflect a leaning towards the parliamentary system but he does not clearly highlight his choice, leaving the audience a little ambiguous about his perspective. In the book entitled ‘Government of Pakistan, Parmatma Sharan (1975) gave an outsiders opinion regarding the system of government present in Pakistan with comparison to their home country, Indias government system. The author has sounded alarms regarding the high centralization of the government in Pakistan throughout the years ever since its independence. The author has said that this should be countered since a weaker leadership can, and has shown in actuality, the perils of a weak decision-making power in times of need (Sharan, 1975, pp. 150). Ahmed Shuja Pasha (1995), in his account of the scenario of the Pakistani politics, was of the view that people themselves are largely responsible for choosing the ‘wrong leaders as their democratic representatives. Pasha (1995, pp. 281-287) believed that the inefficiencies present in the political system of Pakistan are largely due to the fact that people associate democracy with one particular person who takes advantage of the situation and manipulates their powerful position for their own gains. Pashas (1995) views were a little biased as he does not consider the constant shuffling of the regime as much of a problem for the lack of people getting accustomed to the workings of a democracy. The authors views were favorable for the military as he finds the military having the most disciplined set up during the times it came into power in the country (Pasha, 1995, pp. 189-190). In an attempt to contextualize the latest Musharraf-led military coup in Pakistan, Sohail Mahmood (2001) tried to consider the factors that have led to the demise of true democracy in the country. He was of the view that regardless of the fact that the country is under parliamentary or presidential regime, the country has never truly been a democratic country because of the highly centralized nature of governance (Mahmood, 2001, pp. 7). The author also discussed the current semi-parliamentary system of Pakistan in comparison with a more presidential system like governance. He analyzed the merits and demerits of both (Mahmood, 2001, pp.128-129). Although the author presented a fairly balanced view about the situation, he merely referenced historical political situations as chronological facts without his opinions being clear regarding them. The autho,r Udaya N. Shukla, in his essay â€Å"Parliamentary Control over Government Policies in India† (1990) looked at the parliamentary system as a British legacy. The shortcomings in this system experienced in South Asia (by India as well as Pakistan) are attributed to the centralization and the lack of proper literate population to understand the exact nuts and bolts of a parliamentary government (Shukla, 1990). The author should consider that this leads to the political elite to manipulate the situation and also he should outline the kind of political elite that could benefit by the ignorance of the population regarding the system. This is important because it allows the audience to contextualize the problems that plague the current parliamentary form of government. Furthermore, it is not possible to make an absolute, decisive conclusion on the issue since access to every study and detailed research has not been possible and limited numbers of past discourses have been examined for the current analysis. ANALYSIS Pakistan, according to its constitution, is a ‘federal republic (Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Article 1(1)). This means that Pakistan is a country where several autonomous states have come together under a federation, the states being the self-governing provinces and the federal capital, Islamabad, being the centralizing federal authority. Being a republic, Pakistani government is a government where majority of the power vests among the larger body of citizens and where there is a head of state but that is not a monarch, the head of state is democratically elected, directly or indirectly (Merriam-Webster, 2011). The Constitution of Pakistan calls for a democratically elected government where the legislative authority is vested in the Parliament and the executive is led by the President (Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Objectives Resolution). The origins of the sort of power division proposed by the 1973 Constitution can be found in the ‘Separation of Powers doctrine proposed by Montesquieu (Anon. web). The Montesquieu doctrine called for division of the powers to govern a country with three proper divisions i.e. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Checks and Balances on all three of them by each other were proposed to ensure that every government instrument carried upon its tasks without infringing upon other institutions. However, the system of mixed government at present in Pakistan where the President, in paper is ceremonial, but in reality is a political affiliate of a particular party and where the Prime Minister is not only the leader of the Legislative body but also the head o f the Council of Ministers which is the Executive body, is not properly following the ‘Separation of Powers. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, the fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan, has even been quoted calling the 1965 government one that is â€Å"a government of the President, by the President and for the President† (Sayeed, 1967, pp. 105), there is a similar situation at present as well. This is a problem for the country since the population has not even been accustomed to the concept of a proper parliamentary democracy that was introduced initially, now the highly distorted form of government is the product of and also leads to further irresponsible decision-making by the countrys leadership, centralization of all important government policy matters and hegemony of the few. These inefficiencies have also been reflected in the political parties of Pakistan and their working. Being a heterogeneous society, Pakistan, like other developing countries with people from a diverse background, for instance India, Pakistan also needs the participation of a larger number of people in the political life in order to break the shackles of domination that the political elite are keeping an overwhelming majority bound in (Kohli, 1994, pp. 90). The form of government and the design of party politics prevalent at present in the country is a major road block towards a liberal democratic Pakistan where all adults are actually empowered and educated enough to voice their opinions. Party politics is dominated by a handful of feudal families which share the government between them. This leads to a centralized system of decision making in the country regarding national and international matters which does not necessarily effectively reflect the majoritys opinion and keeps the ascendancy of the few (Kohli, 1994; Sayeed, 1967). Pakistan has also been suffering from bad governance owing to high centralization of the command (Sharan, 1975; Sayeed, 1977; Mahmood, 2001). This centralization of the decision making further conforms to Atul Kohlis (1994) comments regarding the increased hegemony of the richer, more dominant political elite. With increased concentration of powers not only does one person or office become uncontrollably powerful but there is an increased chance of the irresponsible and corrupt usage of that power (Mahmood, 2001). In Pakistans case if the Prime Minister or the President is leading the Legislative body as well as the Executive they themselves are the ones making any new laws and regulations and ensuring their adherence by the general public, this becomes a case similar to the British Monarchy where the crown is above the law (De, 1991, pp. 246). A situation like this leads to chaos when that particular person does not remain in their position anymore and since there has been no power sharing and none of the other institutions have contributed to the decision making process so nobody is ready to completely assume responsibility automatically upon the vacation of the office. Ahmed S. Pasha (1995) also sounded off similar comments when he mentioned that the population associated democracy with one person and the exit of that person caused chaos and disruption in the functioning of the government. In order to clear up the mess of the mixed system and completely evolve into a more efficient form of governance it is necessary to understand both the systems of government Parliamentary and Presidential. The Parliamentary form of government has been labeled by most as a direct descendent of Monarchy. While a monarch comes into power by a dynastic succession, the head of state in a parliamentary form of government is democratically elected through the concept of universal suffrage (Philip. 2007, pp. 42). The existence of political parties is crucial for a parliamentary form of government. For a true parliamentary democracy, S.C. Stokes (1999, pp.263) said that political parties are an essential component and there is no removing them. However, the present party system does not seem capable enough to accommodate the essence of a liberal democracy where any number of people from any background can represent their group. Thus, for establishing an effective liberal parliamentary democracy political parties need to be truly democratic themselves (Mahmood, 2001). This measure may also effectively solve the issue of centralization of power in the hands of a few since with a democratic setup of the parties more people from diverse backgrounds can participate in the party politics. Another feature of the parliamentary system is that the division of powers is often blurred; this again alludes to the Monarchical roots of the parliamentary system of government. However, lack of strong division of power does not mean lack of power sharing. Even in a parliamentary system there can be more decentralized decision making with powers vested in various echelons of the government. This can be seen in United Kingdom where although the final decision approving authority is with the executive the Crown, the decision-making power is highly differentiated with the House of Commons and the House of Lords being involved in the legislative process. On the other hand, the Presidential system of government is based strictly on the doctrine of ‘Separation of Powers and the Head of the State the President, is elected directly by the population along with the core legislative body (Philip. 2007. pp. 39). Both the systems have their own merits and demerits but for a heterogeneous society like Pakistan where strong ethic affiliations play a central role in the populations trust in their representative, a parliamentary system is rather more effective because the direct election of the Head of State in Pakistan is definitely not a suitable option as larger population areas are more likely to have their candidates elected to the office every time. Moreover, as Ahmed Shuja Pasha (1995) argued that most of Pakistans problems of electing the ‘wrong candidate are associated with the lack of awareness regarding the best candidate by the general voters. The Presidential system calls for the election of one particular person and implementation of such a system in Pakistan would not change the status quo of re-election of the same feudal leaders. In a true form of Parliamentary system where political parties are truly democratic themselves, this would allow for parties to choose better candidates for election and helping the largely illiterate Pakistani population in electing deserving representatives. Accountability of a ‘non-deserving candidates election will be, in such a system, done once that person has been elected to the Parliament. The lack of capability of such a person would soon be exposed in a truly parliamentary system and this would lead to damaging of the political partys image so they would be wary of choos ing those who are not capable. Another favorable argument for a parliamentary government system is that it allows for electing the government once, unlike a presidential system where the governments are to be elected in two steps; once the congress and then the president (Mehta, 1994; Mahmood, 2001; Philip, 2007). This may lead to instances, in a presidential system, where the president is of a different political ideology than the majority of the congress. In such a situation passing legislation would be a torturously slow task. While Sohail Mahmood (2001) was of the view that slowing down legislation is the goal for a country like Pakistan, in fact a quicker paced legislative process would be required for the country once it adopts the true democratic form of Parliamentary government. This quicker paced legislative process would be favored because this way reforms and legislation favored by the public can be enacted quickly which would be very slow if a Presidential system is adopted.. One point that defendants of the Presidential system make is that it brings the leaders closer to the people and this way the population can decide the best person they feel that can govern them (Philip, 2007, pp.45). However, in Pakistan this is actually a disadvantage since charismatic leadership is often overshadowed by the feudal hegemony maintained by the ruling elite. A pure parliamentary system can at least allow more people to compete alongside the ruling elite and may be they even give them an opportunity to be a part of the government. CONCLUSION The question of the form of government is extremely important for Pakistan because the form of government intended by the constitution is a parliamentary form of democracy (Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Preamble). This already establishes that all administrative and political aspects of governance will be dealt with according to the general provisions of a parliamentary democratic government. An important aspect to be discussed here is that parliamentary democracy itself is the ideal form because of a long history of the success rate of a parliamentary democracy as compared to a presidential one. JosÃÆ' © Cheibub and Fernando Limongi (2002, pp. 152) have reported that most forms of parliamentary democracies have survived over a longer period of time unlike a presidential form which has fallen prey to a dictators hands numerous times. Although in the current system even the president is part of one of those families, in the long term once a true liberal democratic regime has been established in the country the hegemony of the few might be effectively destroyed and the president will work as merely a ceremonial head of state, as can be seen in India. Regulation of political parties is also important and legislation to enforce certain measures, like in-party elections, should be introduced. Whatever the final outcome may be, it is quite welcome that the current government has at least intended to move away from the present mixed system to a more parliamentary form of government. The incumbent Prime Minister of Pakistan has been reported to have resolved to make sure necessary steps are taken to start the process of this transition (Daily Times, 2008; VOA News, 2010). It is suggested to the current government that decentralization of decision-making and clean-up process within the political parties be taken as the first steps to start the journey towards a pure parliamentary democracy for Pakistan.

The History of Women And Computing :: Computer Science Technology Essays

The History of Women And Computing Think for a moment, if you will, about your personal computer and the tasks you request that it perform each day. More likely than not your answers include computation, word processing, communication, and research. Did it make sense for John A.N. Lee to label women "lady computers" (14)? The point that Lee makes in his editorial is that women since the late 1800's have performed computation and secretarial duties for their male superiors and therefore they can be equated with computers (15). In actuality, many sources concur on that fact that women played a much larger role in the development of computing then they have been given credit for in the history books. There have been many female contributors to the expansion of computing machines and computer science and several of the pioneers of computing technology were female. Ada Byron Lovelace is one of the few women who get credit for her early work in computing. She lived during the 1800s working closely with Babbage on his Analytic Engine. When translating Babbage's lectures, Lovelace added her own extensive notes to the material (Gurer, "Pioneering Women" 175). She was able to visualize how the Engine could be programmed to complete other tasks, such as playing music, and was the "first to envision and understand the potential for a computing machine." Lovelace developed concepts in computing that are still used today, such as a method of storing sequences (subroutines) of operations or instructions and the Department of Defense has named their high-level programming language "in honor of her contributions and pioneering spirit" (Gurer, "Women" 116- 117; Gurer, "Pioneering Women" 175). The conclusion of the Second World War and the commencement of the "Commercial Computing" age seem to go hand in hand (Ceruzzi 13). During this era, a number of American women fell in line with the "Rosie the Riveter" stereotype and entered the work force to take the place of the men who were sent overseas to fight in the war. Meanwhile, the University of Pennsylvania was beginning the ENIAC project, working to build a computer that would run ballistic calculations for the army.